There are two basic types of risk that investors try to balance when saving for retirement: longevity risk and market risk. Using an asset-liability framework, we demonstrate how creating a defined contribution plan that encourages participants to contribute early, contribute increasing amounts,...

Many methods exist for assessing and managing the risk of a portfolio. This article is about risk metrics and the ways investment consultants commonly apply these measurements to portfolio selection and evaluation. Two popular approaches to risk measurement and evaluation are compared: the...