We investigate identification of causal parameters in case-control and related studies. The odds ratio in the sample is our main estimand of interest and we articulate its relationship with causal parameters under various scenarios. It turns out that the odds ratio is generally a sharp upper...

A growing empirical literature has considered the impact of uncertainty using SVAR models that include proxies for uncertainty shocks as endogenous variables. In this paper we consider the possible impact of measurement error in the uncertainty shock proxies on the estimated impulse responses...

Models of ecological inference (EI) have to rely on crucial assumptions about the individual-level data-generating process, which cannot be tested because of the unavailability of these data. However, these assumptions may be violated by the unknown data and this may lead to serious bias of...

Uncertain facts and inexact rules can be represented andprocessed in standard Prolog through meta-interpretation. Thisrequires the specification of appropriate parsers and beliefcalculi. We present a meta-interpreter that takes a rule-basedbelief calculus as an external variable. The...