In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across...

Macroeconomic risk assessments play an important role in the forecasts of many institutions. A risk forecast is related to the potential asymmetry of the forecast density. In this work, we investigate how the optimality of such risk forecasts can be tested. We find that the Pearson mode skewness...

Goal: ISO 31000 Risk Management (RM) recently re-defined risk as the effect of uncertainty on an organization's ability to meet the objectives. Earlier, it defined risk as a combination of the probability and scope of the (predicted) consequences. The revised ISO Risk advances beyond a static...

Consistent with Bayesian learning models, I find that two types of uncertainty—market uncertainty and firm-signal uncertainty—have opposite effects on investors' learning from new information. I provide novel evidence that investor learning increases with the level of prior market...

This paper documents that when a southern California home gets designated to a wildfire risk zone, its price drops by 11% relative to homes just outside the designation boundary. Whereas the risk designation is discontinuous, the underlying risk is continuous — suggesting the price effect is...

We determine the increase of the maximum risk over the minimax risk in the case that the optimally robust estimator for the false radius is used. This is done by numerical solution of the implicit equations which determine optimal robustness, for location, scale, and linear regression models,...

Climate change is real and dangerous. Exactly how bad it will get, however, is uncertain. Uncertainty is particularly relevant for estimates of one of the key parameters: equilibrium climate sensitivity--how eventual temperatures will react as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations double....

Climate change is real and dangerous. Exactly how bad it will get, however, is uncertain. Uncertainty is particularly relevant for estimates of one of the key parameters: equilibrium climate sensitivity—how eventual temperatures will react as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations double....