Double marginalization is a common inefficiency in vertical markets. One theory of the source of double marginalization …

exact amount of cost efficiency/inefficiency that will result from the merger. Nevertheless, the key element of the model is … always have incentives to merge, irrespective of cost uncertainty, while a merger without role redistribution is ex ante … merger between leaders always enhances welfare if participants have incentives to merge, such that private and collective …

when taking merger decisions. In practice, firms and competition authorities cannot know exact future efficiency gains …, prior to merger consummation. This paper analyzes horizontal mergers when the output decision-making process is sequential … of "Merger Approval", the paper emphasizes the timing of regulatory intervention and distinguishes two different merger …