In the economics literature, the Consumer Surplus is traditionally defined for the case where demand is a deterministic function of the price. However, in most operations management problems, demand is assumed to be stochastic, and hence stock-outs can occur. To measure consumer welfare in such...

Supply uncertainty in produce supply chains presents major challenges to retailers. Supply shortages create frequent disruptions in terms of promised delivery times, quantity and quality delivered. To alleviate these challenges, dual sourcing---a strategy in which buyers source a good from two...