optimal policy balance in the context of catastrophic climate risk. The analysis uses the WITCH integrated assessment model … with a module that models the endogenous risk of experiencing an economic catastrophe if temperature increases above a … certain threshold. We find that the risk of a catastrophic outcome would encourage countries to reduce emissions even in the …

. There is now a growing tendency for risk manager to bypass traditional insurance markets, and a variety of instruments … designed directly to transfer risk to the financial markets. After a couple of years of low catastrophe claims, 1998 claims are …