While performance analysis is typically conducted on a benchmark-relative basis, risk analysis is often presented on an absolute-return basis. This mismatch between sources of risk and return leads to the pitfall that active management decisions cannot be evaluated on a risk-adjusted basis. In...

Risk analysis involves gaining deeper insight into the sources of risk, and evaluating whether these risks accurately reflect the views of the portfolio manager. In this paper, we show how to extend standard volatility analytics to shortfall, a measure of extreme risk. Using two examples, we...

We present a dynamic model of corporate risk management and managerial career concerns. We show that managers with high (low) career concerns are more likely to speculate (hedge) early in their careers. In the later stage of their careers when managers have less career concerns, there is no...

Purpose Currently, few academics agree on a standard and scientific way to measure risk tolerance. This paper aims to create a unique model for empirically measuring risk tolerance and to make a strong contribution to the growing literature in risk tolerance and risk management....