Since 1990, there has been substantial debate in both the popular press and academic materials about earnings management by multinational companies and the capital markets (ie. microstructure; raising capital) effects of their rampant uses of Dividend-Equivalent Rights (“DERs”) and...

Having excessive numbers of shares outstanding is either common or prevalent among listed companies in emerging markets and especially in Central/Eastern European, African and Asian stock markets (i.e. where such companies usually have between two-times and twelve-times the average numbers of...

Equity Based Incentives (“EBIs”) remain the dominant form of incentives in many developed and developing countries; and thus have significant effects on the quality-of-life and subjective well-being of individuals in both small and large firms. The timing of exercise of EBIs and the...

Structural Change is the basis for many decisions such as government fiscal and monetary policies, government interventions, corporate-expenditure decisions, corporate strategic decisions, portfolio management decisions in finance; household allocation decisions, etc.. Structural change in...

This article: i) explains why international financial contagion could have been a major cause of structural changes in the US economy and specific major US industries (housing, retailing, etc.) during 1995-2003; ii) critiques traditional methods of modeling international financial contagion; iii)...

This article addresses decision-making parameters in machine-learning algorithms, and more specifically, critiques the mathematical explanation for the Hipster Effect (a group of evolutionary processes), and discusses implications for portfolio management and corporate bankruptcy prediction (two...

At the present time and in most developed countries, Complex Corporate Instruments (“CCIs”) and Climate Finance Instruments (CFI) are regulated by a myriad of laws at the local, state and federal levels. This introduces or can cause conflicts, greater transaction costs, and opportunities for...