details of the power structure are irrelevant for the existence of equilibria with enforcement provided that enough agents are … just raw power that allows a more powerful agent to expropriate a less powerful one? We study a model where expropriation …

Adding a new dimension to determinants of corruption, this paper examines the effectiveness of enforcement in reducing … corruption. We compare the influences of latent enforcement (police, judicial, and prosecutorial employment) versus actual … enforcement (conviction rates) and enforcing institutions. Results based on data for more than 80 countries show that piecemeal …

isolation, not urbanization. This relationship is not driven by placement of law enforcement personnel which is shown to track … enforcement personnel, probably due to reporting bias. Law enforcement personnel helps solve crime but appears unable to prevent …