results of land privatisation and farm restructuring are that a) private farmers produce only on a minimal fraction of land … with almost no machinery or purchased inputs at all, b) the income of a typical farm household is below a poverty line …

Climate variability, associated with farm-income variability, is recognized as one of the main drivers of livelihood … policies in developing countries highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture, like Malawi. We use geo-referenced farm … increased risk. In contrast, we find that in areas with favourable average rainfall conditions households are more likely to …