Remittances have always been an important source of external finance for the low-income and middle-income developing countries. In Kyrgyzstan,remittances have provided a phenomenal support to the economy.The remittances from Russia to Kyrgyzstan accounted to 29 % of their GDP in 2020. There is a...

Russia and China are assumed to challenge democratization and to promote autocracy. In a first step, we analyze Central Asia as the most-likely case, considering both Russia and China as relevant external actors. We develop a concept for our analysis based on the different strategies of Russia...