There is a large literature on the causes of clientelism, but fewer studies examine its effectiveness. We argue that the effectiveness of clientelism depends on 1) the identity of the broker who mediates clientelist exchange and 2) the type of inducement that is used. Using framing experiments...

Saudi Arabia has enough wealth stashed away to survive -- as is -- for 150 years if oil dried up tomorrow. Now that is serious money. Saudi Arabia is keeping oil prices low. It's a win-win for the Saudis. It hurts Russia, hurts Iran, and puts a dent in the fracked and especially the tar sands...

We assess the effects of oil price shocks on real exchange rate and output in four large energy-producing countries: Iran, Kazakhstan, Venezuela, and Russia. We estimate four-variable structural vector autoregressive models using standard long-run restrictions. Not surprisingly, we find that...