This paper clarifies the main theoretical issues of corruption study such as definition, reasons, and consequences. An … estimate and branch analysis of corruption in Russia is offered. The research concentrates on effects produced by corruption on … social expenditures. The analysis demonstrates how corruption influences poverty situation after social transfers and …

corruption. Adverse interactions between politics, business and law enforcement generate obstacles for the rule of law and remain …

income but increased the income share from unidentified sources traditionally associated with corruption. These effects of …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

Throughout much of the world, corruption in the civil service undermines state capacity, impedes economic development …, and saps citizens' morale. But while its pernicious effects are widely recognized, the roots of corruption remain poorly … understood. Whereas most studies on corruption's origins focus on the incentives bureaucrats face once in office, this study …

existing laws of one state to another. Bribery is a typical problem for developing countries as shown in the Corruption …). Corruption can have roots in socialist regimes as in recently established political stability instable economic situation may … lead to growth in crime. The main challenge within the scope of this project is to identify the relation between corruption …

governors' terms, we find that corruption levels, as perceived by firms operating in different regions of Russia, increases … such information may serve as an explanation for the observed pattern of perceived corruption: if a governor gradually …, corruption increases over their terms, while in regions where governors are more likely to remain in office, perceived corruption …