In Southern Africa, employees play a critical role in the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). As a result, SMEs’ effectiveness depends on the presence of virtuous workplace spirituality and procedural justice, which affects work locus of control, employee job satisfaction, and...

A long-running debate in the small firms' literature questions the value of formal 'human resource management' (HRM) practices which have been linked to high performance in larger firms. We contribute to this literature by exploiting linked employer-employee surveys for 2004 and 2011. Using...