I review the literature on natural resource scarcity indicators further developing my previous work on this issue … (Cleveland and Stern, 1993). Scarcity indicators can be classified by what is being measured eg. in situ value, commodity value … exchange value or indicators of "exchange scarcity" and unit costs can be seen as use value indicators or indicators of "use …

high population growth. According to the vicious circle theory, natural resource scarcity coupled with poverty leads to … leads to a further increase in natural resource scarcity, creating a "feedback loop." This is the first study to use micro … failed to address endogeneity in the relationship between natural resource scarcity and population growth. This study was …

instrumental variable strategies, I find foreign affinity and labour market scarcity to stimulate the use of foreign markets …. Regional labour market scarcity is particularly relevant to small firms, and the effect of foreign affinity is largely driven …