We estimate the average fiscal multiplier, allowing multipliers to be heterogeneous across countries or over time and … conventional multiplier estimates. We rely on both crosssectional and time-series variation in spending shocks, exploiting the … differential effects of oil price shocks on fuel subsidies, to identify the average government spending multiplier. Our estimates …

exogeneity in estimation. We illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested method by revisiting a fiscal proxy-SVAR previously …