of risk measures in terms of bias.We show that once the parameters of a model need to be estimated, one has to take … additional care when estimating risks. The typical plug-in approach, for example, introduces a bias which leads to a systematic …. We show that an appropriate bias correction is available for many well-known estimators. In particular, we consider value …

methodologies that have been used to test this hypothesis are flawed because they are affected by a bias that results from sorting … used in the literature are affected by this sorting bias. We demonstrate that simply including the standard deviation over … the first half of the year in regression-based tests corrects for most of the bias and is as suitable to control for the …

-in-variables bias remains an unresolved problem, particularly when using individual assets or macroeconomic factors. We propose a … unbiased. In simulations, we compare this new approach with several existing methods. The new approach corrects the bias even …