Empirical evidence on the degree of business-tax shifting to employees via the wage level is highly controversial and rare. It remains open to which extent the tax burden is shifted, whether there are differences for tax increases and decreases, or whether there exists some treatment...

The empirical investment literature provides evidence on financing constraints mostly by estimating investment cash-flow sensitivities for a priori (un-)constrained firms or develops rather ad-hoc indicators to explain firms' differential access to external capital. However, the sources and...