Do incumbents in an election have an advantage, and if so, are these advantages heterogeneous across parties or government and opposition? We first present a theoretical discussion on the possible heterogeneity of incumbency effects in a pure two-party system. Then, we estimate the incumbency...

We examine whether parties punish politicians who vote against the party line in roll-call votes. Using data of German members of parliament over the legislative period 2009-2013, we take into account that the effect of punishment differs along the list of candidates because a candidate is...

Wie sollen die Regeln für Entscheidungsprozesse gestaltet werden und wie sollen Institutionen aussehen? Diese Arbeit trägt zur Beantwortung dieser übergeordneten Frage bei, in dem sie auf kommunaler Ebene ökonomische, fiskalische und politische Effekte von Institutionen mit empirischen...

Abstract AbstractWie sollen die Regeln für Entscheidungsprozesse gestaltet werden und wie sollen Institutionen aussehen? Diese Arbeit trägt zur Beantwortung dieser übergeordneten Frage bei, in dem sie auf kommunaler Ebene ökonomische, fiskalische und politische Effekte von Institutionen mit...

We examine whether parties punish politicians who vote against the party line in roll-call votes. Using data of German members of parliament (MPs) over the legislative period 2009–2013, we take into account that the effect of punishment differs along the list of candidates because a candidate...

We examine whether parties punish politicians who vote against the party line in roll-call votes. Using data of German members of parliament over the legislative period 2009-2013, we take into account that the effect of punishment differs along the list of candidates because a candidate is...