Gas exports to the Continent are regulated by long term take-or-pay contracts. The contracts are described and analyzed. We thereafter examine whether the most central European gas market, the German market, is integrated. Are there substantial price differences between gas from different export...

Purpose: The goal of the paper is to analyse the motives that determine the propensity of companies of both developed and developing countries to engage in earnings management on the basis of accounting treatment of R&D costs.Methodology: The final sample analyzed in the paper includes 47...