During recent years, an increasing number of corporations have decided to raise external capital via markets for hybrid securities. Hybrid securities share characteristics of common stock and straight debt and appear in different forms, such as convertible debt, mandatory convertibles or...

We find that IPO firms engage in real and accrual earnings management during the IPO and that big-N audit firms constrain discretionary expenses-based and accrual-based manipulations. The restriction of these forms of earnings management leads IPO firms to resort to a higher level of sales-based...

Prior research suggests that the fear of litigation precludes most managers from manipulating earnings in the initial public offering (“IPO”) setting. Yet, managers' restraint is perhaps unwarranted: research has not yet linked instances of aggressive pre-IPO reporting to increased...