Credit risk is crucial to understanding banks' production technology and should be explicitly accounted for when … modeling the latter. The banking literature has largely accounted for risk by using ex-post realizations of banks' uncertain … outputs and the variables intended to capture risk. This is equivalent to estimating an ex-post realization of bank …

This paper analyses the risk and return of loans portfolios in a joint setting. I develop a model to obtain the … with a Value at Risk constraint. I also obtain closed form expressions for the interest rates that banks should set in … compensation for borrowers' credit risk under absence of arbitrage opportunities and I use these rates as a benchmark to interpret …

credit risk amid greater uncertainty. These adverse impacts of uncertainty on bank lending (both quantity and quality) are …