Felbermayr, Gabriel J.; Gröschl, Jasmin - 2011
Does trade openness cause higher GDP per capita? Since the seminal instrumental variables (IV) estimates of Frankel and … level to construct an instrument for multilateral openness that varies across countries and time. The instrument can be used …' performances as well as for the direct effect of disasters. We find that the elasticity of income with respect to openness is about …