conditions that output elasticities must be equal to a modification of the usual factor cost shares, where shadow prices due to … the constraints add to factor prices. In a model, where capital, labor and energy (exergy) are the factors of production …, the technological constraints are identified as limits to capacity utilization and automation. The shadow prices depend on …

A classic decision faced by technology suppliers and buyers is whether to compete in the product markets or cooperate … integrating a licensed technology. We argue that this cost can be affected by suppliers’ knowledge-transfer capabilities, buyers …

prices, productivity levels and markups as functions of openness to trade at a sectoral level. The theory lends itself … evidence that trade openness exerts a competitive effect, with prices and markups falling and productivity rising. Consistent …

, which contains detailed information on firm domestic prices, marginal costs, and competitor prices. The rare features of … estimate of firms' price responses to changes in prices of their competitors. We develop a general framework and an empirical …, that these findings have important implications for shaping the response of domestic prices to international shocks. …