The study examines the effect of military expenditure on output in Nigeria both in the short-run and in the long … testing approach to co-integration. Results showed that military spending has negative and significant effect on output in the … military spending contributes nothing to output in the short-run. …

real exchange rate, according to Keynesian views because it impacts output. Both views have merit because the effects of … government spending are asymmetric. A spending cut lowers output but does not alter the real exchange rate. A spending increase … appreciates the exchange rate but does not alter output unless there is economic slack. We establish these results in a small open …

whether money growth Granger-causes output growth in the United States. We find surprisingly strong evidence for a money-output …

lagged, hump‑shaped reactions of output, employment and unemployment in each of the analysed countries. …