The hypothesis that when firms obtain financing, they prefer internal sources to external sources is known as the pecking order hypothesis. We model firms' financing activities implied by the pecking order hypothesis by a sequential logit model. Then, we propose to test the pecking order...

The well known Jarque-Bera (JB) test for normality uses the sample mean and sample standard deviation for estimating the population mean and population standard deviation. Instead of the sample standard deviation, Gel and Gastwirth (2008) proposed to use a robust scale estimator, known as the...