Women-friendly policies may have perverse effects on the wages of employed women and mothers in particular. Yet few … accumulation, wage losses for mothers remained stable in this first period. Conversely, we can no longer detect motherhood wage … penalties for women affected by the later reform. Shorter career breaks and increased work hours may have benefited new mothers …

policies; and, at the micro level, whether the probability of returning to work and career prospects have increased for mothers …

Germany'-Study for 2010 and 2011 (N=3,301 mothers) with regional structural quality data. We used regression models of … employment status and work hours changes, respectively. In East Germany, mothers with a child aged under three years who lived in … negative association of child-teacher-ratios with maternal employment was marginally significant. For mothers with older …

reunification, however, the employment rates of mothers with children requiring childcare have converged. This trend is accompanied … remain. Mothers in the east work full time markedly more often compared to mothers in the west. However, women in younger age … in attitudes and thus also in the full-time employment of mothers with young children. …

supply, but mothers who work do not face a wage penalty. Western EU countries with higher childcare coverage, moderate length … leaves, supportive norms, and flexible jobs have relatively high maternal employment and mothers are not faced with …