ethnic fractionalization on economic growth across countries using unique time-varying measures. We first replicate the … finding of a weak effect of exogenous diversity on growth and then we show that accounting for how diversity changes over time … latitude), it shows a significant negative impact on economic growth which is robust to different specifications, polarization …

least initially) by relatively wide-ranging democracy. Measured by the indices of political freedom and civil liberties … liberalisation began-the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia attained the same extent of democracy as the United Kingdom or Germany …. Between 1989 and 1991, the average of the two Freedom House indices rose from 0.26 to 0.57, on a scale from zero (no democracy …