Instruction time varies among schools, subjects, pupils and grades. This variation is positively associated with test … administrative data on delivered and timetabled instruction time in each grade throughout compulsory school for three full cohorts of … Danish children, and find positive marginal hours effects on 9th grade test scores using accumulated time which are twice as …

model requires only cross section data and is estimated on survey data for Italy and register data for Norway. The estimates … cuts in pension benefits in Norway than in Italy. …