we show that the plausible policy decision depend on parameters describing the balance between poverty and program … exclusion risk. In the Tunisian case, only a much larger weight put on poverty relatively to exclusion could bring the decision …

targeting of policies to address the root causes of poverty. Sustainable policy interventions are in need of reliable concepts …Poverty and inequality persist in many regions of the developing world. This may be due mainly to an ineffective … of poverty and of a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanism that lead to such deprivation. The three essays of …