police, public prosecution and courts, respectively, on crime. Using detailed data on the different stages of the criminal … conviction play a major role in explaining the variation of crime rates, while the impact of the severity of punishment is small …

, primarily through an increase in guilty pleas. Pre-trial detention has no detectable effect on future crime, but decreases pre …-trial crime and failures to appear in court. We also find suggestive evidence that pre-trial detention decreases formal sector …) pre-trial detention weakening defendants' bargaining position during plea negotiations, and (ii) a criminal conviction …

-competition theory of rape, we identify instruments to correct for victim selection by offenders, allowing us to identify the factors …