An important challenge in the crime literature is to isolate significant causal effects of police on crime. Following a … hideous event induced a geographical allocation of police forces that can be presumed exogenous in a crime regression. Using … negative effect of observable police on crime. The effect is local, so that the costs of police presence are almost seven times …

This paper argues that terrorism, beyond its immediate impact on innocent victims, also raises the costs of crime, and … therefore, imposes a negative externality on potential criminals. Terrorism raises the costs of crime through two channels: (i … the tendency for individuals to stay home after a terror attack further increases the costs of crime …