This paper analyses the effect of international borders and of trade agreements at international borders on subnational … 1950 and 2017. Our results show that international borders decrease regional income per capita, while trade agreements at … international borders increase regional income per capita by about the same magnitude. The positive marginal effect of trade …

This article describes the development of international trade blocs world wide from the 1950s till 2010. We updated the … data on international trade flows and introduced a new trade bloc variable based on the intramax hierarchical clustering … technique, which defines trade blocs on actual trade intensities and not - as was preciously done - by traditional geographic …