. Moreover, we also examine the jump-free and jump models in terms of their impact on insurance pricing, specifically term … annuity and life insurance present values calibrated for both pre- and post-COVID data. …

can be used to self-insure, substituting for both formal and informal insurance. We investigate this question using a … remittances, which supports the idea that remittances act as (self-) insurance. We also show that purchasing formal funeral cover … is influenced by other risk management strategies and that determinants of informal insurance differ from those of formal …