This paper argues that school grades cannot be interpreted solely as a reward for a given school performance, since … they also reflect teachers' ratings of pupils. Grades therefore contain valuable information about pupils' own - usually … effort that pupils invest in education. Getting discounted grades in year 6 for a given level of math performance assessed …

School accountability schemes require measures of school performance, and these measures are in practice often based on … sufficient information. A school accountability scheme that rewards school performance will create incentives for pupil selection …

We exploit variation stemming from school consolidations in Denmark from 2010- 2011 to analyze the impact on student … achievement as measured by test scores. For each student we observe enrollment and test scores one year prior to school … consolidation and up to four years after. We find that school consolidation has adverse effects on achievement in the short run and …

We exploit variation stemming from school consolidations in Denmark from 2010-2011 to analyze the impact on student … achievement as measured by test scores. For each student we observe enrollment and test scores one year prior to school … consolidation and up to four years after. We find that school consolidation has adverse effects on achievement in the short run and …

and private schooling on student scores in Australia. We control for observable and unobservable influences, at school and …