Was the collapse of world trade between 1928 and 1937 caused by higher transport costs, increased protectionism or the …

Many studies use tariffs to measure changes in trade policy. This paper shows that standard sources for tariffs suffer … from substantial measurement error due to misreporting and the resulting false imputation: Countries fail to report tariffs … every year and missing data are more prevalent for preferential than for most favored nation (MFN) tariffs. WITS, the main …

-industry inequality in poorer countries (those below the world median income) and the reverse in richer countries. However, the results …

bilateral measure of market access to compare tariffs applied in 1996 and 2006, which includes the timing of the Uruguay Round … and episodes of bilateral liberalization. Our econometric estimations show that the reduced tariffs imposed on emerging …

During the U.S.-China trade war, the U.S. punitive tariffs were almost entirely borne by U.S. importers. In contrast …, only 68% of China's retaliatory tariffs were paid by Chinese importers. The puzzling difference between the U.S. and China …

.g. most favored nation tariffs) and on the exporter side (e.g. export subsidies), even in the presence of exporter and …-supply elasticity and of the import-demand elasticity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques in the case of MFN tariffs and …

the world's trading system. This paper deals with the impact on the German economy of some changes that might have been …

distinguish between productivity gains arising from lower tariffs on final goods relative to lower tariffs on intermediate inputs …. Lower output tariffs can produce productivity gains by inducing tougher import competition whereas cheaper imported inputs … reducing input tariffs. A 10 percentage point fall in output tariffs increases productivity by about 1 percent, whereas an …