poverty among the elderly. The model focuses on individual preferences, a consumption technology that captures the economies … scale and a wife's share that is increasing in total expenditures. We further calculated poverty rates by means of the … collective consumption model. Collective poverty rates of widows and widowers turn out to be slightly lower than traditional ones …

employment, accompanied by a decrease of absolute income poverty as measured by the at-risk-of-poverty rate anchored at a fixed … income poverty, it is concluded that measures of material deprivation behave like absolute income poverty indicators if the …