process. Our main finding is that city growth in western Germany did not follow a random walk, while city growth in eastern … Germany did follow a random walk. Different post-war economic systems are most likely responsible for this outcome. …

Can a major shock in childhood permanently shape trust? We consider a hunger episode in Germany after WWII and …

reconstruction process had mainly fallen on women in postwar Germany. This paper provides causal evidence on long-term legacies of …-level destruction in Germany caused by the Allied Air Forces bombing during WWII with individual survey data from the German Microcensus …