We analyze the effects of several class compositional dimensions on individual student achievement. We make use of a rich dataset that allows tackling major endogeneity concerns stemming from non-random allocation of students between and within schools. We find that increasing the percentage of...

Being the youngest in a cohort entails many penalties. Using administrativedata of every public-school student in Portugal, we show that although performancegains from being 1-year older fade quickly from primary education to high school,age-related penalties persist through a combination of...

This paper focuses on the territorial distribution of students with an immigrant background enrolled in the 3rd cycle of basic education in Portugal and on the differences in the academic performance of students enrolled in the last year of this cycle based on their birthplace and immigrant...