initially low-performing students. Because passing the exam is mandatory to obtain a high school diploma, this translates into … reduced high school graduation rates that remain significant over time, permanently shifting a group of marginal students to …

Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labor market. To improve the lives of upper …-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon …

, even when switching is required because students reach the top grade offered at their school. Other researchers find that … academic performance is lower among students who have changed schools in previous years, whatever the reason, (Alexander et al … from outside the New York City school district, across schools, across years for students staying in the district, and some …

their peers' ability to perform at the next level. Alternatively, promoting students into grades for which they are not … of Pakistan, students are promoted primarily on the basis of merit. An econometric decomposition of promotion decisions …