Freight railway enterprises in both Europe and North America are in the process of significant restructuring, with EC policy changes dictating new ownership, organization, and cooperation arrangements in Europe and a series of major mergers having already led to highly concentrated regional...

The railways of Russia and the Central and Eastern European countries are in the process of restructuring. In most cases, the vertical separation reform model is being pursued, and reformers are seeking to introduce competition among freight train operators through the provision of open access...