Eastern Germany's recovery from the unification shockʺ has been characterized by deep structural change with apparent repercussions for the West as well and an integration process involving both capital deepening (extensive and intensive investment) and labor thinning (net out-migration). I...

We use four subsequent EU enlargement waves over three decades (1980s, 1990s, 2000s) to assess the regional effects of macro-institutional changes. Our focus is set on EU internal border regions which are specifically exposed to international integration, but it remains unclear how they benefit...