This paper employs a panel vector autoregressive model for the member countries of the Euro Area to explore the role of banks during the slump of the real economy that followed the financial crisis. In particular, we seek to quantify the macroeconomic effects of adverse loan supply shocks, which...

1. Introduction -- 2. Forgotten worlds: the stagflation of the 1970s -- 3. From Volcker to China: The “Great Moderation” begins -- 4. Houses made of sand: The “Global Financial Crisis” -- 5. Trojan horses: the long shadow of the euroarea sovereign crisis -- 6. COVID 19: the fiscal and...

In the aftermath of the European sovereign debt crisis (2009–2014), the management of expectations has risen in importance. However, policy responses have emphasized the management of fiscal spending without examining the impact changes in the business confidence have on the economy. This...