Privatization in education is often associated to higher academic performance but greater social inequality on it, whereas standardization of school systems is associated to equalization of opportunities, at the cost of lower performance. Until now, however, we have not had evidence about that...

This paper studies the relationship between mathematics proficiency and socioeconomic composition of schools and school factors related to the context in which learning and teaching take place. The analysis employs data from Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2011 (TIMSS) for...