Tens of thousands of young people leave school with no or very few qualifications in England. This paper seeks to build … correlation with unobserved school and neighborhood quality, i.e. the role of sorting into schools and neighborhoods of different … quality. We suggest a method of calculating school quality (how effective a school is in helping its pupils to avoid low …

We exploit a universe dataset of state school students in England with linked test score records to document the … evolution of attainment through school for different ethnic groups. The analysis yields a number of striking findings. First, we … found. We address some of the usual factors invoked to explain attainment gaps: poverty, language, school quality, and …