How do governments finance their unprecedented fiscal stimuli and policy actions to combat the COVID-19 pandemic? Comparing sovereign bond issuances before and after the outbreak of COVID-19, we find that governments borrow more from bond markets in response to greater pandemic shocks. This is...

18 major and minor financiers have provided external loans to Zambia and its SOEs since 2000. Loan commitments by Chinese financiers between 2000 and 2020 totaled US$ 10.3 billion, with 63 percent (US$ 6.47 billion) committed just since 2015 Based on project implementation status, we estimate...