A broad literature seeks to assess the importance of schools, proxies for school quality, andfamily background on children's achievement growth using the education production function.Using rich data from the Philippines, we introduce and estimate a model that imposes littlestructure on the...

We describe a new and flexible framework for modeling school effects. Like previouswork in this area, we introduce an empirical model that evaluates school performance onthe basis of student level test-score gains. Unlike previous work, however, we introducea flexible model that relates...