childcare for preschool aged children. Yet families must continue to arrange childcare once their children enter primary school …, particularly in countries where the school day ends at lunchtime. In this paper we examine the case of Germany, a country that has … moved from an exclusively half-day school system to one where formal afternoon care is increasingly available. We estimate …

—through duration expansions to the kindergarten day—to better understand mothers’ and families’ constraints. We first show that mothers … performing household duties, and less time commuting with their children in the middle of the day relative to mothers with half …-day kindergarten expansions were responsible for as much as 24 percent of the growth in employment of mothers with kindergarten …

negative impacts on their labor supply immediately after school and daycare closures, compared to women without children … children increased their labor supply relatively more than women without them, despite ongoing school closures, suggesting a …

their labor force participation by about 2.6 percentage points. Mothers with school-aged children, however, decrease their …This paper investigates the effect of school closure on the labor force participation, hours worked, extensive, and the … intensive margin of women in Mexico for the years 2017 to 2021. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I analyze how school …

When children start school, parents save time and/or money. In this paper, we empirically examine the impact of these … Netherlands, where children start school (kindergarten) for approximately 20 hours a week in the month that they turn 4. Using … child starts going to school. For their partners, who experience a much smaller shock in terms of time, the increase in …

We provide causal evidence that children's school schedules contribute to the persistence of the gender pay gap between … parents. Historically, French children have had no school on Wednesdays. In 2013, a reform reallocated some classes to …, we show that mothers are more likely to adopt a regular Monday-Friday full-time working schedule after the reform, while …