During the 2000s Arab and Islamic American racial identity selection was subjected to an exogenous racializing event … affiliation and Arab ethnicity. This stigmatization created an exogenous reduction in the expected payoff to acculturation … that Arab and Islamic Americans will self-identify as white. The data are combined cross sections of the Current Population …

Antman and Duncan (2014, 2015) document how racial identity responds to state affirmative action policy. The main … contribution of our work was to show that racial identity responds to state affirmative action policy. A coding error was recently … identity responds to state affirmative action policy, albeit with a different conclusion for multiracial blacks, and are now …

broader trends in racial disparities, and the emerging literature on the construction of race and individual identity. …It is almost universally assumed that race is an exogenously given trait that is not subject to change. But as race is …