This paper is part of the Global Repository of Income Dynamics (GRID) project cross‐country comparison of earnings …

We study the implications of incarceration for the earnings and employment of different groups, characterized by their … race, gender, and education. Our hidden Markov model distinguishes between first-time and repeat incarceration, along with … individuals. The consequences of incarceration are enormous: First-time incarceration reduces expected lifetime earnings by 39 …

To estimate employment-population ratios for black and white men with an adjustment for incarceration - a factor … labor force data, which include no incarceration data, understate black-white inequality in employment among young dropouts … overlooked by most research on employment inequality - the authors combine data from surveys of prisons and jails with data from …